Category: Data Science

Posted on by

8 Keys to Managing the Linguistic Copycats that are Large Language Models

Over the past year, Generative AI has taken the world by storm as a variety of large language models (LLMs) appeared to solve a wide variety of challenges based on basic language prompts and questions.

A partial list of market-leading LLMs currently available include:

Amazon Titan
Anthropic Claude
Cohere
Databricks Dolly
Google Bard, based on PaLM2
IBM Watsonx
Meta Llama
OpenAI’s GPT

The biggest question regarding all of these models is simple: how to get the most value out of them. And most users fail because they are unused to the most basic concept of a large language model: they are designed to be linguistic copycats.

As Andrej Karpathy of OpenAI stated earlier this year,

"The hottest new programming language is English."

And we all laughed at the concept for being clever as we started using tools like ChatGPT, but most of us did not take this seriously. If English really is being used as a programming language, what does this mean for the prompts that we use to request content and formatting?

I think we haven’t fully thought out what it means for English to be a programming language either in terms of how to “prompt” or ask the model how to do things correctly or how to think about the assumptions that an LLM has as a massive block of text that is otherwise disconnected from the real world and lacks the sensory input or broad-based access to new data that can allow it to “know” current language trends.

Here are 8 core language-based concepts to keep in mind when using LLMs or considering the use of LLMs to support business processes, automation, and relevant insights.

1) Language and linguistics tools are the relationships that define the quality of output: grammar, semantics, semiotics, taxonomies, and rhetorical flourishes. There is a big difference between asking for “write 200 words on Shakespeare” vs. “elucidate 200 words on the value of Shakespeare as a playwright, as a poet, and as a philosopher based on the perspective on Edmund Malone and the English traditions associated with blank verse and iambic pentameter as a preamble to introducing the Shakespeare Theatre Association.”

I have been a critic of the quality that LLMs provide from an output perspective, most recently in my perspective “Instant Mediocrity: A Business Guide to ChatGPT in the Enterprise.” https://amalgaminsights.com/2023/06/06/instant-mediocrity-a-business-guide-to-chatgpt-in-the-enterprise/. But I readily acknowledge that the outputs one can get from LLMs will improve. Expert context will provide better results than prompts that lack subject matter knowledge

2) Linguistic copycats are limited by the rules of language that are defined within their model. Asking linguistic copycats to provide language formats or usage that are not commonly used online or in formal writing will be a challenge. Poetic structures or textual formats referenced must reside within the knowledge of the texts that the model has seen. However, since Wikipedia is a source for most of these LLMs, a contextual foundation exists to reference many frequently used frameworks.

3) Linguistic copycats are limited by the frequency of vocabulary usage that they are trained on. It is challenging to get an LLM to use expert-level vocabulary or jargon to answer prompts because the LLM will typically settle for the most commonly used language associated with a topic rather than elevated or specific terms.

This propensity to choose the most common language associated with a topic makes it difficult for LLM-based content to sound unique or have specific rhetorical flourishes without significant work from the prompt writer.

4) Take a deep breath and work on this. Linguistic copycats respond to the scope, tone, and role mentioned in a prompt. A recent study found that, across a variety of LLM’s, the prompt that provided the best answer for solving a math problem and providing instructions was not a straightforward request such as “Let’s think step by step,” but “Take a deep breath and work on this problem step-by-step.”

Using a language-based perspective, this makes sense. The explanations of mathematical problems that include some language about relaxing or not stressing would likely be designed to be more thorough and make sure the reader was not being left behind at any step. The language used in a prompt should represent the type of response that the user is seeking.

5) Linguistic copycats only respond to the prompt and the associated prompt engineering, custom instructions, and retrieval data that they can access. It is easy to get carried away with the rapid creation of text that LLM’s provide and mistake this for something resembling consciousness, but the response being created is a combination of grammatical logic and the computational ability to take billions of parameters into account across possibly a million or more different documents. This ability to access relationships across 500 or more gigabytes of information is where LLMs do truly have an advantage over human beings.

6) Linguistic robots can only respond based on their underlying attention mechanisms that define their autocompletion and content creation responses. In other words, linguistic robots make judgment calls on which words are more important to focus on in a sentence or question and use that as the base of the reply.

For instance, in the sentence “The cat, who happens to be blue, sits in my shoe,” linguistic robots will focus on the subject “cat” as the most important part of this sentence. The cat “happens to be,” implies that this isn’t the most important trait. The cat is blue. The cat sits. The cat is in my shoe. The words include an internal rhyme and are fairly nonsensical. And then the next stage of this process is to autocomplete a response based on the context provided in the prompt.

7) Linguistic robots are limited by a token limit for inputs and outputs. Typically, a token is about four characters while the average English content word is about 6.5 characters (https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/82753461.pdf). So, when an LLM talks about supporting 2048 tokens, that can be seen as about 1260 words, or about four pages of text, for concepts that require a lot of content. In general, think of a page of content as being about 500 tokens and a minute of discussion typically being around 200 tokens when one is trying to judge how much content is either being created or entered into an LLM.

8) Every language is dynamic and evolves over time. LLMs that provide good results today may provide significantly better or worse results tomorrow simply because language usage has changed or because there are significant changes in the sentiment of a word. For instance, the English language word “trump” in 2015 has a variety of political relationships and emotional associations that are now standard to language usage in 2023. Be aware of these changes across languages and time periods in making requests, as seemingly innocuous and commonly used words can quickly gain new meanings that may not be obvious, especially to non-native speakers.

Conclusion

The most important takeaway of the now-famous Karpathy quote is to take it seriously not only in terms of using English as a programming language to access structures and conceptual frameworks, but also to understand that there are many varied nuances built into the usage of the English language. LLM’s often incorporate these nuances even if those nuances haven’t been directly built into models, simply based on the repetition of linguistic, rhetorical, and symbolic language usage associated with specific topics.

From a practical perspective, this means that the more context and expertise provided in asking an LLM for information and expected outputs, the better the answer that will typically be provided. As one writes prompts for LLMs and seek the best possible response, Amalgam Insights recommends providing the following details in any prompt:

Tone, role, and format: This should include a sentence that shows, by example, the type of tone you want. It should explain who you are or who you are writing for. And it should provide a form or structure for the output (essay, poem, set of instructions, etc…). For example, “OK, let’s go slow and figure this out. I’m a data analyst with a lot of experience in SQL, but very little understanding of Python. Walk me through this so that I can explain this to a third grader.”

Topic, output, and length: Most prompts start with the topic or only include the topic. But it is important to also include perspective on the size of the output. Example, “I would like a step by step description of how to extract specific sections from a text file into a separate file. Each instruction should be relatively short and comprehensible to someone without formal coding experience.”

Frameworks and concepts to incorporate: This can include any commonly known process or structure that is documented, such as an Eisenhower Diagram, Porter’s Five Forces, or the Overton Window. As a simpe example, one could ask, “In describing each step, compare each step to the creation of a pizza, wherever possible.”

Combining these three sections together into a prompt should provide a response that is encouraging, relatively easy to understand, and compares the code to creating a pizza.

In adapting business processes based on LLMs to make information more readily available for employees and other stakeholders, be aware of these biases, foibles, and characteristics associated with prompts as your company explores this novel user interface and user experience.

Posted on by

Workday AI and ML Innovation Summit: Chasing the Eye of the AI Storm

We are in a time of transformational change as the awareness of artificial intelligence (AI) grows during a time of global uncertainty. The labor supply chain is fluctuating quickly and the economy is on rocky ground as interest rates and geopolitical strife create currency challenges. Meanwhile, the commodity supply chain is in turmoil, leading to chaos and confusion. Rising interest rates and a higher cost of money are only adding to the challenges faced by those in the global business arena. In this world where technology is dominant in the business world, the global economic foundation is shifting, and the worlds of finance and talent are up for grabs, Workday stepped up to hold its AI and ML Innovation summit to show a way forward for the customers of its software platform, including a majority of the Fortune 500 that use Workday already as a system of record.

The timing of this summit will be remembered as a time of rapid AI change, with new major announcements happening daily. OpenAI’s near-daily announcements regarding working with Microsoft, launching ChatGPT, supporting plug-ins, and asking for guidance on AI governance are transforming the general public’s perception of AI. Google and Meta are racing to translate their many years of research in AI into products. Generative AI startups already focused on legal, contract, decision intelligence, and revenue intelligence use cases are happy to ride the coattails of this hype. Universities are showing how to build large language models such as Stanford’s Alpaca. And existing machine learning and AI companies such as Databricks are showing how to build custom models based on existing data for a fraction of the cost needed to build GPT.

In the midst of this AI maelstrom, Workday decided to chase the eye of the hurricane and put stakes in the ground on its current approach to innovation, AI, and ML. From our perspective, we were interested both in the executive perspective and in the product innovation associated with this Brave New World of AI.

Enter the Co-CEO – Carl Eschenbach

Workday’s AI and ML Innovation Summit commenced with an introduction of the partners and customers that would be present at the event. The Summit began with a conversation between Workday’s Co-CEOs, Aneel Bhusri and Carl Eschenbach, where Eschenbach talked about his focus on innovation and growth for the company. Eschenbach is not new to Workday, having been on its board during his time at Sequoia Capital, where he also led investments in Zoom, UIPath, and Snowflake. Having seen his work at VMware, Amalgam Insights was interested to see Eschenbach take this role and help Workday evolve its growth strategy from an executive level. From the start, both Bhusri and Eschenbach made it clear that this Co-CEO team is intended to be a temporary status with Eschenbach taking the reins in 2024, while Bhusri becomes the Executive Chair of Workday.

Eschenbach emphasized in this session that Workday has significant opportunities in providing a full platform solution, and its international reach requires additional investment both in technology and go-to-market efforts. Workday partners are essential to the company’s success and Eschenbach pointed out a recent partnership with Amazon to provide Workday as a private offering that can use Amazon Web Service contract dollars to purchase Workday products once the work is scoped by Workday. Workday executives also mentioned the need for consolidation, which is one of Amalgam Insights’ top themes and predictions for enterprise software for 2023. The trend in tech is shifting toward best-in-suite and strategic partnering opportunities rather than a scattered best-in-breed approach that may sprawl across tens or even hundreds of vendors.

These Co-CEOs also explored what Workday was going to become over the next three to five years to take the next stage of its development after Bhusri evolved Workday from an HR platform to a broader enterprise software platform. Bhusri sees Workday as a system of record that uses AI to serve customer pain points. He poses that ERP is an outdated term, but that Workday is currently categorized as a “services ERP” platform in practice when Workday is positioned as a traditional software vendor. Eschenbach adds that Workday is a management platform across people and finances on a common multi-tenant platform.

From Amalgam Insights’ perspective, this is an important positioning as Workday is establishing that its focus is on two of the highest value and highest cost issues in the company: skills and money. Both must exist in sufficient quantities and quality for companies to survive.

The Future of AI and Where Workday Fits

We then heard from Co-President Sayan Chakraborty, who took the stage to discuss the “Future of Work” across machine learning and generative AI. As a member of the National Artificial Intelligence Advisory Committee, the analysts in the audience expected Chakraborty to have a strong mastery of the issues and challenges Workday faced in AI and this expectation was clarified by the ensuing discussion.

Chakraborty started by saying that Workday is monomaniacally focused on machine learning to accelerate work and points out that we face a cyclical change in the nature of the working age across the entire developed world. As we deal with a decline in the percentage of “working-age” adults on a global scale, machine learning exists as a starting point to support structural challenges in labor structures and work efforts.

To enable these efforts, Chakraborty brought up the technology, data, and application platforms based on a shared object model, starting with the Workday Cloud Platform and including analytics, Workday experience, and machine learning as specific platform capabilities. Chakraborty referenced the need for daily liquidity FDIC requests as a capability that is now being asked for in light of banking failures and stresses such as the recent Silicon Valley Bank failure.

Workday has four areas of differentiation in machine learning: data management, autoML (automated machine learning, including feature abstraction), federated learning, as well as a platform approach. Workday’s advantage in data is stated across quantity, quality associated with a single data model, structure and tenancy, and the amplification of third-party data. As a starting point, this approach allows Workday to support models based on regional or customer-specific data supported by transfer learning. At this point, Chakraborty was asked why Workday has Prism in a world of Snowflake and other analytic solutions capable of scrutinizing data and supporting analytic queries and data enrichment. Prism is currently positioned as an in-platform capability that allows Workday to enrich its data, which is a vital capability as companies face the battle for context across data and analytic outputs. 

Amalgam Insights will dig into this in greater detail in our recommendations and suggestions, but at this point we’ll note that this set of characteristics is fairly uncommon at the global software platform level and presents opportunities to execute based on recent AI announcements that Workday’s competitors will struggle to execute on.

Workday currently supports federated machine learning at scale out to the edge of Workday’s network, which is part of Workday’s differentiation in providing its own cloud. This ability to push the model out to the edge is increasingly important for supporting geographically specific governance and compliance needs (dubbed by some as the “Splinternet“) as Workday has seen increased demand for supporting regional governance requests leading to separate US and European Union machine learning training teams each working on regionally created data sources.

Chakraborty compared Workday’s approach of a platform machine learning approach leading to a variety of features to traditional machine learning feature-building approaches where each feature is built through a separate data generation process. The canonical Workday example is Workday’s Skills Cloud platform where Workday currently has close to 50,000 canonical skills and 200,000 recognized skills and synonyms scored for skill strength and validity. This Skills Cloud is a foundational differentiator for Workday and one that Amalgam Insights references regularly as an example of a differentiated syntactic and semantic layer of metadata that can provide differentiated context to a business trying to understand why and how data is used.

Workday mentioned six core principles for AI and ML, including people and customers, built to ensure that the machine learning capabilities developed are done through ethical approaches. In this context, Chakraborty also mentioned generative AI and large language models, which are starting to provide human-like outputs across voice, art, and text. He points out how the biggest change in AI occurred in 2006 when NVIDIA created GPUs, which used matrix math to support the constant re-creation of images. Once GPUs were used from a computational perspective, they made massively large parameter models possible. Chakraborty also pointed out the 2017 DeepMind paper on transformers to solve problems in parallel rather than sequentially, which led to the massive models that could be supported by cloud models. The 1000x growth in two years is unprecedented even from a tech perspective. Models have reached a level of scale where they can solve emergent challenges that they have not been trained on. This does not imply consciousness but does demonstrate the ability to analyze complex patterns and systems behavior. Amalgam Insights notes that this reflects a common trend in technology where new technology approaches often take a number of years to come to market, only to be treated as instant successes once they reach mainstream adoption.

The exponential growth of AI usage was accentuated in March 2023 when OpenAI, Microsoft, Google, and others provided an unending stream of AI-based announcements including OpenAI’s GPT 4 and GPT Plugins, Microsoft 365 Copilot and Microsoft Security Copilot, Google providing access to its generative AI Bard, Stanford’s $600 Alpaca generative AI model, and Databricks’ Dolly, which allows companies to build custom GPT-like experiences. This set of announcements, some of which were made during the Workday Innovation Summit, shows the immense nature of Workday’s opportunity as one of the premier enterprise data sources in the world that will both be integrated into all of these AI approaches.

Chakraborty points out that the weaknesses of GPT include bad results and a lack of explainability in machine learning, bad actors (including IP and security concerns), and the potential Environmental, Social, and Governance costs associated with financial, social, and environmental concerns. As with all technology, GPT and other generative AI models take up a lot of energy and resources without any awareness of how to throttle down in a sustainable and still functional manner. From a practical perspective, this means that current AI systems will be challenged to manage uptime as all of these new services attempt to benchmark and define their workloads and resource utilization. These problems are especially problematic in enterprise technology as the perceived reliability of enterprise software is often based on near-perfect accuracy of calculating traditional data and analytic outputs.

Amalgam Insights noted in our review of ChatGPT that factual accuracy and intellectual property attribution have been largely missing in recent AI technologies that have struggled to understand or contextualize a question based on surroundings or past queries. The likes of Google and Meta have focused on zero-shot learning for casual identification of trends and images rather than contextually specific object identification and topic governance aligned to specific skills and use cases. This is an area where both plug-ins and the work of enterprise software companies will be vital over the course of this year to augment the grammatically correct responses of generative AI with the facts and defined taxonomies used to conduct business.

Amalgam also found it interesting that Chakraborty mentioned that the future of models would include high-quality data and smaller models custom-built to industry and vertical use cases. This is an important statement because the primary discussion in current AI circles is often about how bigger is better and how models compete on having hundreds of billions of parameters to consider. In reality, we have reached the level of complexity where a well-trained model will provide responses that reflect the data that it has been trained on. The real work at this point is on how to better contextualize answers and how to separate quantitative and factual requests from textual and grammatical requests that may be in the same question. The challenge of accurate tone and grammar is very different from the ability to understand how to transform an eigenvector and get accurate quantitative output. Generative AI tends to be good at grammar but is challenged by quantitative and fact-based queries that may have answers that differ from its grammatical autocompletion logic.

Chakraborty pointed out that reinforcement learning has proven to be more useful than either supervised or unsupervised training for machine learning, as it allows models to look at user behavior rather than forcing direct user interaction. This Workday focus both provides efficacy of scale and takes advantage of Workday’s existing platform activities. This combination of reinforcement training and Workday’s ownership of its Skills Cloud will provide a sizable advantage over most of the enterprise AI world in aligning general outputs to the business world.

Amalgam Insights notes here that another challenge of the AI discussion is how to create an ‘unbiased’ approach for training and testing models when the more accurate question is to document the existing biases and assumptions that are being made. The sooner we can move from the goal of being “unbiased” to the goal of accurately documenting bias, the better we will be able to trust the AI we use.

Recommendations for the Amalgam Community on Where Workday is Headed Next

Obviously, this summit provided Amalgam Insights both with a lot of food for thought provided by Workday’s top executives. The introductory remarks summarized above were followed up with insight and guidance on Workday’s product roadmap across both the HR and finance categories where Workday has focused its product efforts, as well as visibility to the go-to-market and positioning, approaches that Workday plans to provide in 2023. Although much of these discussions were held under a non-disclosure agreement, Amalgam Insights will try to use this guidance to help companies to understand what is next from Workday and what customers should request. From an AI perspective, Amalgam Insights believes that customers should push Workday in the following areas based on Workday’s ability to deliver and provide business value.

  1. Use the data model to both create and support large language models (LLMs). The data model is a fundamental advantage in setting up machine learning and chat interfaces. Done correctly, this is a way to have a form of Ask Me Anything for the company based on key corporate data and the culture of the organization. This is an opportunity to use trusted data to provide relevant advice and guidance to the enterprise. As one of the largest and most trusted data sources in the enterprise software world, Workday has an opportunity to quickly build, train, and deploy models on behalf of customers, either directly or through partners. With this capability, “Ask Workday” may quickly become the HR and finance equivalent of “Ask Siri.”
  2. Use Workday’s Skills Cloud as a categorization to analyze the business, similar to cost center, profit center, geographic region, and other standard categories. Workforce optimization is not just about reducing TCO, but aligning skills, predicting succession and future success potential, and market availability for skills. Looking at the long-term value of attracting valuable skills and avoiding obsolete skills is an immense change for the Future of Work. Amalgam Insights believes that Workday’s market-leading Skills Cloud provides an opportunity for smart companies to analyze their company below the employee level and actually ascertain the resources and infrastructure associated with specific skills.
  3. Workday still has room to improve regarding consolidation, close, and treasury management capabilities. In light of the recent Silicon Valley Bank failure and the relatively shaky ground that regional and niche banks currently are on, it’s obvious that daily bank risk is now an issue to take into account as companies check if they can access cash and pay their bills. Finance departments want to consolidate their work into one area and augment a shared version of the truth with individualized assumptions. Workday has an opportunity to innovate in finance as comprehensive vendors in this space are often outdated or rigidly customized on a per-customer level that does not allow versions to scale out in a financially responsible way as the Intelligent Data Core allows. And Workday’s direct non-ERP planning competitors mostly lack Workday’s scale both in its customer base and consultant partner relationships to provide comprehensive financial risk visibility across macroeconomic, microeconomic, planning, budgeting, and forecasting capabilities. Expect Workday to continue working on making this integrated finance, accounting, and sourcing experience even more integrated over time and to pursue more proactive alerts and recommendations to support strategic decisions.
  4. Look for Workday Extend to be accessed more by technology vendors to create custom solutions. The current gallery of solutions is only a glimpse of the potential of Extend in establishing Workday-based custom apps. It only makes sense for Workday to be a platform for apps and services as it increasingly wins more enterprise data. From an AI perspective, Amalgam Insights would expect to see Workday Extend increasingly working with more plugins (including ChatGPT plugins), data models, and machine learning models to guide the context, data quality, hyperparameterization, and prompts needed for Workday to be an enterprise AI leader. Amalgam Insights also expects this will be a way for developers in the Workday ecosystem to take more advantage of the machine learning and analytics capabilities within Workday that are sometimes overlooked as companies seek to build models and gain insights into enterprise data.
Posted on by

14 Key Trends for Surviving 2023 as an IT Executive

2023 is going to be a tough year for anybody managing technology. As we face the repercussions of inflation and high interest rates and the bubble of tech starts to be burst, we are seeing a combination of hiring freezes, increased focus on core business activities and the hoary request to “do more with less.”

Behind the cliche of doing more with less is the need to actually become more efficient with tech usage. This means adopting a FinOps (Financial Operations) strategy to cloud to go with your existing Telecom FinOps (aka Telecom expense) and SaaS FinOps (aka SaaS Management) strategies. And it means being prepared for new spend category challenges as companies will need to invest in technology to get work done at a time when it is harder to hire the right person at the right time. Here is a quick preview of our predictions.

 

14 Key Predictions for the IT Executive in 2023

To get the details on each of these trends and predictions and understand why they matter in 2023, download this report at no cost by filling out this quick form to join our low-volume bi-monthly mailing list. (Note: If you do not wish to join our mailing list, you can also purchase a personal license for this report.)

Posted on by

What To Watch Out For As GPT Leads a New Technological Revolution

2022 was a banner year for artificial intelligence technologies that reached the mainstream. After years of being frustrated with the likes of Alexa, Cortana, and Siri and the inability to understand the value of machine learning other than as a vague backend technology for the likes of Facebook and Google, 2022 brought us AI-based tools that was understandable at a consumer level. From our perspective, the most meaningful of these were two products created by OpenAI: DALL-E and ChatGPT, which expanded the concept of consumer AI from a simple search or networking capability to a more comprehensive and creative approach for translating sentiments and thoughts into outputs.

DALL-E (and its successor DALL-E 2) is a system that can create visual images based on text descriptions. The models behind DALL-E look at relationships between existing images and the text metadata that has been used to describe those images. Based on these titles and descriptions, DALL-E uses diffusion models to start with random pixels that lead to generated images based on these descriptions. This area of research is by no means unique to OpenAI, but it is novel to open up a creative tool such as DALL-E to the public. Although the outputs are often both interesting and surprisingly different from what one might have imagined, they are not without their issues. For instance, the discussion around the legal ownership of DALL-E created graphics is not clear, since Open AI claims to own the images used, but the images themselves are often based on other copyrighted images. One can imagine that, over time, an artistic sampling model may start to appear similar to the music industry where licensing contracts are used to manage the usage of copyrighted material. But this will require greater visibility regarding the lineage of AI-based content creation and the data used to support graphic diffusion. Until this significant legal question is solved, Amalgam Insights believes that the commercial usage of DALL-E will be challenging to manage. This is somewhat reminiscent of the challenges that Napster faced at the end of the 20th century as a technology that both transformed the music industry and had to deal with the challenges of a new digital frontier.

But the technology that has taken over the zeitgeist of technology users is ChatGPT and related use cases associated with the GPT (Generative Pre-Trained Transformer) autoregressive language model trained on 500 billion words across the web, Wikipedia, and books. And it has become the favorite plaything of many a technologist. What makes ChatGPT attractive is its ability to take requests from users asking questions with some level of subject matter specificity or formatting and to create responses in real-time. Here are a couple of examples from both a subject matter and creative perspective.

Example 1: Please provide a blueprint for bootstrapping a software startup.

This is a bit generic and lacks some important details on how to find funding or sell the product, but it is in line with what one might expect to see in a standard web article regarding how to build a software product. The ending of this answer shows how the autogenerative text is likely referring to prior web-based content built for search engine optimization and seeking to provide a polite conclusion based on junior high school lessons in writing the standard five-paragraph essay rather than a meaningful conclusion that provides insight. In short, it is basically a status quo average article with helpful information that should not be overlooked, but is not either comprehensive or particularly insightful for anyone who has ever actually started a business.

A second example of ChatGPT is in providing creative structural formats for relatively obscure topics. As you know, I’m an expert in technology expense management with over two decades of experience and one of the big issues I see is, of course, the lack of poetry associated with this amazing topic. So, again, let’s go to ChatGPT.

Example 2: Write a sonnet on the importance of reducing telecom expenses

As a poem, this is pretty good for something written in two seconds. But it’s not a sonnet, as sonnets are 14 lines, written in iambic pentameter (10 syllable lines split int 5 iambs, or a unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable) and split into three sections of four lines followed by a two-line section with a rhyme scheme of ABAB, CDCD, EFEF, GG. So, there’s a lot missing there.

So, based on these examples, how should ChatGPT be used? First, let’s look at what this content reflects. The content here represents the average web and text content that is associated with the topic. With 500 billion words in the GPT-3 corpus, there is a lot of context to show what should come next for a wide variety of topics. Initial concerns of GPT-3 have started with the challenges of answering questions for extremely specific topics that are outside of its training data. But let’s consider a topic I worked on in some detail back in my college days while using appropriate academic language in asking a version of Gayatri Spivak’s famous (in academic circles) question “Can the subaltern speak?”

Example 3: Is the subaltern allowed to fully articulate a semiotic voice?

Considering that the language and topic here is fairly specialized, the introductory assumptions are descriptive but not incisive. The answer struggles with the “semiotic voice” aspect of the question in discussing the ability and agency to use symbols from a cultural and societal perspective. Again, the text provides a feeling of context that is necessary, but not sufficient, to answer the question. The focus here is on providing a short summary that provides an introduction to the issue before taking the easy way out telling us what is “important to recognize” without really taking a stand. And, again, the conclusion sounds like something out of an antiseptic human resources manual in asking for the reader to consider “different experiences and abilities” rather than the actual question regarding the ability to use symbols, signs, and assumptions. This is probably enough of an analysis at a superficial level as the goal here isn’t to deeply explore postmodern semiotic theory but to test ChatGPT’s response in a specialized topic.

Based on these three examples, one should be careful in counting on ChatGPT to provide a comprehensive or definitive answer to a question. Realistically, we can expect ChatGPT will provide representative content for a topic based on what is on the web. The completeness and accuracy of a ChatGPT topic is going to be dependent on how often the topic has been covered online. The more complete an answer is, the more likely it is that this topic has already been covered in detail.

ChatGPT will provide a starting point for a topic and typically provide information that should be included to introduce the topic. Interestingly, this means that ChatGPT is significantly influenced by the preferences that have built online web text over the past decade of content explosion. The quality of ChatGPT outputs seems to be most impressive to those who treat writing as a factual exercise or content creation channel while those who look at writing as a channel to explore ideas may find it lacking for now based on its generalized model.

From a topical perspective, ChatGPT will probably have some basic context for whatever text is used in a query. It would be interesting to see the GPT-3 model augmented with specific subject matter texts that could prioritize up-to-date research, coding, policy, financial analysis, or other timely new content either as a product or training capability.

In addition, don’t expect ChatGPT to provide strong recommendations or guidance. The auto-completion that ChatGPT does is designed to show how everyone else has followed up on this topic. And, in general, people do not tend to take strong stances on web-based content or introductory articles.

Fundamentally, ChatGPT will do two things. First, it will make mediocre content ubiquitous. There is no need to hire people to write an “average” post for your website anymore as ChatGPT and other technologies either designed to compete with or augment it will be able to do this easily. If your skillset is to write grammatically sound articles with little to no subject matter experience or practical guidance, that skill is now obsolete as status quo and often-repeated content can now be created on command. This also means that there is a huge opportunity to combine ChatGPT with common queries and use cases to create new content on demand. However, in doing so, users will have to be very careful not to plagiarize content unknowingly. This is an area where, just like with DALL-E, OpenAI will have to work on figuring out data lineage, trademark and copyright infringement, and appropriation of credit to support commercial use cases.  ChatGPT struggles with what are called “hallucinations” where ChatGPT makes up facts or sources because those words are physically close to the topic discussed in the various websites and books that ChatGPT uses. ChatGPT is a text generation tool that picks words based on how frequently they show up with other words. Sometimes that result will be extremely detailed and current and other times, it will look very generic and mix up related topics that are often discussed together.

Second, this tool now provides a much stronger starting point for writers seeking to say something new or different. If your point of view is something that ChatGPT can provide in two seconds, it is neither interesting or new. To stand out, you need to provide greater insight, better perspective, or stronger directional guidance. This is an opportunity to improve your skills or to determine where your professional skills lie. ChatGPT still struggles with timely analysis, directional guidance, practical recommendations beyond surface-level perspectives, and combining mathematical and textual analysis (i.e. doing word problems or math-related case studies or code review) so there is still an immense amount of opportunity for people to write better.

Ultimately, ChatGPT is a reflection of the history of written text creation, both analog and digital. Like all AI, ChatGPT provides a view of how questions were answered in the past and provides an aggregate composite based on auto-completion. For topics with a basic consensus, such as how to build a product, this tool will be an incredible time saver. For topics that may have multiple conflicting opinions, ChatGPT will try to play either both sides or all sides in a neutral manner. And for niche topics, ChatGPT will try to fake an answer at what is approximately a high school student’s understanding of the topic. Amalgam Insights recommends that all knowledge workers experiment with ChatGPT in their realm of expertise as this tool and the market of products that will be built based on the autogenerated text will play an important role in supporting the next generation of tech.

Posted on by

December 16: From BI to AI (Databricks, Dataiku, insightsoftware, MarkLogic, MathWorks, Microsoft, SingleStore, SQream, Syniti)

Funding and Finance

$200M F Round for Dataiku from Wellington Management
This week, Wellington Management led the latest round of funding for AI stalwart Dataiku, a Series F round of $200M. DAtaiku will use the funding for continued growth and expansion of its platform capabilities.

Launches and Updates

Data Lineage Now Generally Available in Databricks Unity Catalog
On December 12, Databricks announced the general availability of data lineage in their Unity Catalog governance solution, after six months of being in preview. Customers at the Databricks Premium and Enterprise tiers now have access to automatically captured data lineage at no extra cost; they will need to restart their clusters or SQL Warehouses that were last started prior to December 7.

insightsoftware Launches Jet Analytics Cloud
On Monday, insightsoftware released Jet Analytics Cloud, a managed services offering of the Jet Analytics data prep and analytics tool. Jet Analytics Cloud is now available on the Azure public cloud.

MarkLogic Modernizes with Version 11
Veteran data platform MarkLogic announced MarkLogic 11 earlier this week. Key modernization features include improved support for GraphQL, OpenGIS and GeoSPARQL, and OAuth; extended capabilities for the MarkLogic Optic API; more flexible deployment and management options, including support for Docker and Kubernetes; and improved observability, auditability, and manageability capabilities.

MathWorks Debuts Modelscape for Model Management in Regulated Industries
On December 15, MathWorks released Modelscape, a suite of products designed to help primarily financial institutions reduce risk during the model lifecycle while complying with regulatory requirements. The products include Modelscape Governance, which provides centralized access to models, dependencies, metadata, lineage, audit trail, risk scoring, and overall model risk reporting; Modelscape Develop, to develop models with automated documentation and reproducible processes; Modelscape Validate, to validate models; Modelscape Test, to automatically test models before putting them into production; Modelscape Deploy, to deploy models into production without recoding, with both on-prem and cloud options; and Modelscape Monitor, to monitor, analyze, and report on model performance in a dashboard scenario.

SingleStore Announces Version 8.0
SingleStore released version 8.0 of their cloud-native database this week. New capabilities include better query performance with semi-structured data such as JSON data, dynamic workspace scaling, new realtime and historical monitoring capabilities, and OAuth support.

Partnerships

Microsoft and London Stock Exchange Group Announce Long-Term Strategic Partnership
Microsoft and the London Stock Exchange Group have announced a decade-long strategic partnership. LSEG’s data infrastructure will be architected on the Microsoft cloud, and both companies will co-develop new data and analytics products and services. In addition, Microsoft has agreed to purchase a 4% equity stake in LSEG by acquiring shares from the Blackstone/Thomson Reuters Consortium.

Panoply by SQream Now In the Google Cloud Marketplace
Data analytics acceleration platform SQream is now available in the Google Cloud Marketplace. Panoply users will be able to purchase Panoply within GCM, then set up a Google BigQuery instance within Panoply and connect their data.

Syniti Match and Syniti Replicate Available on SAP® Store
Enterprise data management company Syniti has made Syniti Match and Syniti Replicate available in the SAP Store. Syniti Match, integrated with SAP HANA, is data matching software, while Syniti Replicate provides data integration and realtime data streaming. Replicate can also integrate with both SAP HANA and SAP S/4HANA, with change data capture capability and data lake operations.

Posted on by

December 2: From BI to AI, Part 1 (AtScale, Dremio, Matillion, Informatica, Starburst)

Launches and Updates

AtScale’s Semantic Layer Launches on Google Cloud Marketplace

Semantic layer platform AtScale announced Thursday that it was now available on Google Cloud Marketplace. Mutual customers will be able to use AtScale on Google Cloud with services such as Google BigQuery, where they can run BI and OLAP workloads without needing to extract or move data. 

Dremio Announces Updates to Lakehouse Capabilities

Open data lakehouse Dremio announced a number of improvements this week. Among the updates: new SQL functionality, including support for the MAP data type so users can query map data from Parquet, Iceberg, and Delta Lake; security enhancements such as row and column-level policy-defined access control for users; support for INSERT, DELETE, and UPDATE on Iceberg tables, and for “time travel” to query historical data in place; as well as usability and performance improvements. Dremio also added a number of connectors, including dbt, Snowflake, MongoDB, DB2, OpenSearch, and Azure Data Explorer. 

Informatica Reveals AWS-Specific Cloud Data Management Services

At AWS re:Invent 2022, Informatica announced three new capabilities for Informatica within AWS. Informatica Data Loader is embedded within Amazon Redshift so that mutual customers will be able to ingest data from a wide variety of systems, including AWS. The Informatica Data Marketplace now supports AWS Data Exchange, allowing customers to access and use third-party data hosted on the Data Exchange. And Informatica INFACore, INFA’s new development and data science framework, simplifies the process of developing  and maintaining complex data pipelines, which can be shunted over to Amazon SageMaker Studio as a simple function, allowing users to pull prepared data from INFACore into SageMaker Studio for further use in building, training, and deploying machine learning models on SageMaker.

Matillion Accelerates Productivity for Data Teams with Key Ecosystem Integrations | Matillion 

Data productivity platform Matillion announced a number of integrations with technical partners. Most of these integrations are accelerators that speed up some aspect of data processing between Matillion and its partners. FHIR Data, built by Matillion and Hakkoda, is a Snowflake healthcare data integrator that simplifies the process of loading FHIR data in Snowflake, then transforming it into a structured format for analytics processing. AWS Redshift Serverless Scale will let mutual Matillion-AWS customers run analytics without needing to manually provision or manage data warehouse clusters. Matillion One Click within AllCloud automates the setup and maintenance of data pipelines. Finally, the Matillion-Collibra integration creates data lineage, mapping inbound and outbound data flows, and attaches data objects to assets in the Collibra data catalog.

Starburst Grows Galaxy with Data Products Capabilities

Analytics engine Starburst launched new capabilities for Starburst Galaxy, the managed service version of its primary Starburst Enterprise offering.  The new Data Products capabilities include a catalog explorer for users to search through their data more easily and understand what they have; schema discovery, which can help users find new datasets regardless of their storage format; and enhanced security and access controls. 

Starburst Enterprise Now Supports AWS Lake Formation and Further Data Federation

Starburst also announced support for AWS Lake Formation via Starburst Enterprise, which will allow joint customers to more easily implement a data mesh framework across all of an organization’s data sources.

Posted on by

Quick Take: IBM Sues Micro Focus for Software Theft

Yesterday, IBM filed suit against Micro Focus for claims of copying part of the z/OS for data mapping in the web services implementation of Micro Focus Enterprise Suite. To understand this suit, I think the most relevant excerpts of claims in the suit are:

26. CICS® TS (Customer Information Control System Transaction Server) Web Services uses a “web service binding file,” known as a WSBIND file, to expose CICS® TS programs as web services and maps data received.

40. Micro Focus’s Enterprise Suite offers a web services implementation (“Micro Focus Web Services”) that includes a WSBIND file for mapping data
• Micro Focus’s WSBIND file uses IBM internal structures that are not available outside of IBM.
• The Micro Focus utility processing reflected in the log file exhibits the same configuration, program sequence, program elements, program optimizations, defects, and missing features as the corresponding CICS® TS utility programs.
• Micro Focus’s WSBIND file is encoded in EBCDIC—like IBM’s—yet, Micro Focus has no need for using that encoding as it uses an ASCII environment.

(Analyst’s note: I think this is probably going to be one of the key hinges of the lawsuit. EBCDIC is really an IBM-specific format at this point while ASCII is everywhere. A bit weird to use IBM’s specific encoding for characters.)

42. …no legitimate reason for Micro Focus to have copied IBM’s computer program. Without copying from IBM, Micro Focus had a broad range of design and architectural choices that would have allowed it to create software that offers the same features as the Micro Focus Enterprise Suite.

It’s no secret that IBM has bet the farm on modernization and digital transformation (see Red Hat). The ability to manage IBM customer technology evolution is core to the future of the business. If nothing else, this suit sends a strong message: Don’t Mess with the zSeries. I’m interested to see how this suit will reference Google vs. Oracle: this isn’t the same, but I’d imagine Micro Focus will try to make it sound that way.

Copy of complaint if you want to read the entire IBM legal complaint for yourself : https://filecache.mediaroom.com/mr5mr_ibmnewsroom/194536/Micro%20Focus%20Complaint.pdf

Posted on by

November 11: From BI to AI (Anaconda, Coefficient, Databricks, dbt, Domino Data Lab, Matillion, Neo4J, PwC, Sagence, Snowflake, Tellius)

Editorial note: While Twitter and Meta aren’t precisely on the BI to AI spectrum per se, given the sheer prevalence and use of these massive data sources and the fast-moving news around layoffs and security issues for these properties lately, Amalgam Insights would recommend confirming that you are performing backups of relevant data on a regular schedule; that you are taking available security precautions including the use of two-factor authentication where possible; and that your communications strategies are nimble enough to respond to issues of impersonation. 

Funding and Finances

Coefficient Secures $18M Series A Funding Round

Spreadsheet data automation company Coefficient has raised an $18M A round. Battery Ventures led the funding round, with participation from existing investors Foundation Capital and S28 Capital. Coefficient will use the money to scale up global operations and expand its offerings.

Databricks Ventures Invests in Matillion

Strategic investment firm Databricks Ventures has taken an equity stake for an undisclosed sum in Databricks partner Matillion, a data integration solution. In doing so, Databricks extends their existing partnership with Matillion, providing financial support for Matillion’s Data Productivity cloud and how it works with Databricks’ Lakehouse Platform.

Updates and Launches

Tellius Improves User Experience and Ease of Visual Analysis with Version 4.0

Decision intelligence platform Tellius announced version 4.0 on Wednesday. Key new features include Multi-Business View Vizpads, allowing users to view and analyze across multiple data sources without needing to constantly switch between individual dashboards for each; an enhanced onboarding and ongoing user experience with walkthroughs and in-app chat; and more robust search functionality.

Neo4j Announces General Availability of its Next-Generation Graph Database Neo4j 5

Graph data platform Neo4J made Neo4J 5, the next version of its cloud-ready graph database, generally available earlier this week. Among the notable improvements: new syntax making complex queries easier to write; query performance improvements by up to 1000x; automatic scaleout to handle sudden massive bursts of query activity; and the debut of Neo4J Ops Manager to monitor and manage continuous updates across global deployments. 

Partnerships

Anaconda Will Integrate with Domino’s Enterprise MLOps Platform

Anaconda in Snowpark for Python Enters Public Preview

Anaconda made two partnership announcements this week. First, Anaconda is collaborating with Domino Data Lab to incorporate the Anaconda repository into Domino’s Enterprise MLOps Platform. Domino users will be able to access Anaconda’s Python and R packages without requiring a separate Anaconda enterprise license.

Second, Snowpark for Python, the Anaconda repository and package manager within Snowflake Data Cloud, has entered public preview. Snowflake users will be able to use Python to build data science workflows and data pipelines within Snowpark.  

On a related note, dbt Labs also announced support for data transformation in Python to dbt, allowing dbt customers to take advantage of Python capabilities on major cloud data platforms such as Snowflake. Joint dbt and Snowflake customers will be able to use Python capabilities for both analytics and data science projects on Snowpark.

Acquisitions

PwC Acquires Data Strategy Consulting Firm Sagence 

Data management and analytics consulting firm Sagence has been acquired by PwC, adding to PwC’s existing data strategy and digital transformation capabilities. Sagence provides additional expertise and experience in creating action plans for proposed data strategies.


Posted on by

November 4: From BI to AI (Alation, Cloudera, Collibra, IBM, Informatica, Qlik)

Funding

Alation Raises $123M Series E

Enterprise data intelligence platform Alation announced a $123M Series E round of funding this week. Thoma Bravo, Sanabil Investments, and Costanoa Ventures led the round, with additional participation from new investor Databricks Ventures and existing investors Dell Technologies Capital, Hewlett Packard Enterprise, Icon Ventures, Queensland Investment Corporation, Riverwood Capital, Salesforce Ventures, Sapphire Ventures, and Union Grove. Alation will use the capital to continue accelerating product innovation and global expansion.

Partnerships

Cloudera Expands Partner Opportunities, Accelerates Go to Market

On November 2, Cloudera debuted the Cloudera Partner Network, redesigning their existing partner program’s approach. CPN members will see improved tools for supporting go-to-market initiatives, a FastTrack Onboarding Program to shorten time-to-market capabilities, programs for rebates and market development funds to demonstrate financial commitment, a Partner Success Team to improve training, and additional benefits to support the new CDP One SaaS solution.

Launches and Updates

Collibra Announces Updates to Collibra Data Intelligence Cloud

At Data Citizens ’22, Collibra announced new capabilities for Collibra Data Intelligence Cloud. A new data marketplace will make it faster and easier to find curated and approved data, speeding up decision making and action. The Workflow Designer, now in beta, will help teams automate business processes in creating new workflows, and usage analytics will show which assets are most widely and frequently used. On the compliance side, Collibra also released Collibra Protect, available through their Snowflake partnership, to provide greater insight into how protected and sensitive data is being used, as well as protect said data and maintain compliance.   Collibra Data Quality and Observability, when deployed in an organization’s cloud, will help organizations scale and secure their data quality operations.

IBM Announces IBM Business Analytics Enterprise  

On November 3, IBM launched IBM Business Analytics Enterprise, a new suite that includes business intelligence planning, budgeting, reporting, forecasting, and dashboarding capabilities. Among the key new features is the IBM Analytics Content Hub, which will let users assemble planning and analytics dashboards from a number of vendor sources. In addition, the Hub tracks and analyzing usage patterns to recommend role-based content to users.

Up Next for Informatica: Intelligent Data Management Cloud for State and Local Government 

Informatica released the State and Local Government version of their Intelligent Data Management Cloud this week. This continued expansion of vertical-specific IDMCs demonstrates Informatica’s commitment to serving a variety of government clients beyond just the federal.

Qlik Launches Real-Time Enterprise Data Fabric Qlik Cloud Data Integration

Qlik released Qlik Cloud Data Integration, a set of SaaS services that form a data fabric. Among the major cloud platforms QCDI will integrate with are AWS, Databricks, Google Cloud, Microsoft Azure Synapse, and Snowflake. Data from these sources will be sent through QCDI, where it can be transformed from its raw state to analytics-ready, allowing for automated workflows for apps and APIs while accounting for metadata management and lineage.

Posted on by

October 28: From BI to AI (Amazon Web Services, Axelera AI, Bloomberg, data.world, Informatica, IBM, LatticeFlow, Microsoft, OpenAI, Shutterstock, ThoughtSpot)

Funding and Finance

Edge AI Company Axelera AI Announces $27M Series A

Edge AI startup Axelera AI closed a $27M Series A funding round this week. Innovation Industries led the round, with participation from imec.xpand and SFPI-FPIM. Axelera AI will use the funding for launching and producing its AI acceleration platform, as well as hiring.

LatticeFlow Claims $12M in Series A Funding

AI platform LatticeFlow secured $12M in Series A funding. Atlantic Bridge and OpenOcean led the funding round, with participation from new investors FPV Ventures and existing investors btov Partners and Global Founders Capital. The funding will go towards expanding LatticeFlow’s capacity to diagnose and repair errors in AI data and models,

OpenAI Invests Tens of Millions of Dollars in Audio and Video Editing App Descript

AI company OpenAI, most recently in the news for its AI text and image generators, is investing tens of millions of dollars in audio and video editing app Descript at a valuation of $550M. Between this, the recent expansion of its partnership with content platform Shutterstock, and more money potentially flowing OpenAI’s way from Microsoft, OpenAI is making moves to secure its position in modern AI-based content creation.

Launches and Updates

AWS Releases Amazon Neptune Serverless 

AWS announced Amazon Neptune Serverless, a serverless version of their graph database service which automatically provisions and scales resources for unpredictable graph database workloads. Amazon Neptune Serverless is available today to AWS customers running Neptune in specific regions; availability in other regions is coming soon.

Bloomberg Carbon Emissions Dataset Now Covers 100,000 Companies

Bloomberg announced that it had enlarged its carbon emissions dataset to cover 100,000 companies. The dataset includes company-reported carbon data, as well as Bloomberg-generated estimates of carbon data for companies that do not have or provide carbon emissions data, and accompanying data reliability scores.

Informatica Launches Intelligent Data Management Cloud for Higher Education

Adding to their collection of vertical-specific releases of its Intelligent Data Management Cloud, Informatica launched their Intelligent Data Management Cloud for higher education this week. IDMC helps integrate educational data from a wide variety of decentralized sources while ensuring data remains secure and compliance and privacy standards are respected.

IBM Adds Natural Language Processing, Text to Speech, Speech to Text Libraries to Embeddable AI Portfolio

IBM released three new libraries this week, expanding their embeddable AI portfolio. These libraries include IBM Watson Natural Language Processing Library, IBM Watson Text to Speech Library, and IBM Watson Text to Speech Library. IBM Ecosystem partners will be able to use these libraries to develop and scale AI apps more quickly. 

ThoughtSpot for Sheets Brings Self-Service Analytics to Google Sheets

Analytics company ThoughtSpot debuted ThoughtSpot for Sheets, a web plugin for Google Sheets. Users will be able to install and run ThoughtSpot for Sheets directly in their web browser, capable of analyzing the data available in their Google Sheets spreadsheets while minimizing the technical knowledge necessary to do so. ThoughtSpot will be compatible with additional partners in the near future.

Hiring

data.world Names New CMO, SVP of Sales, VP of Finance

Enterprise data catalog company data.world made several hiring announcements this week. New Chief Marketing Officer Stephanie McReynolds joined data.world from Ambient.ai, where she served as head of marketing. Prior to that, McReynolds was the SVP of Marketing and first marketing executive at fellow data catalog company Alation. New SVP of Sales Richard Yonkers came to data.world from Knoema, an enterprise data hub provider, where he served as the senior vice president of sales. Mineo Sakan was the VP of Global Finance at data protection firm HYCU prior to joining data.world as their new VP of Finance.